转自:
http://blog.chinaunix.net/space.php?uid=25909722&do=blog&id=2856481
http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-25909722-id-2876133.html
ls - list directory contents (man ls)
ls的功能是列出目录中的内容。那目录中都有写什么内容呢?我们知道磁盘上的文件系统由文件和目录组成,文件的内容可以是任意的数据,而目录的内容只能是文件名的列表和子目录名的列表。
也就是说:目录中的内容
是该目录下的文件和子目录它们的名字的列表。
我们先来看一看关于
目录的结构体:(/usr/include/bits/dirent.h)
-
struct dirent {
-
ino_t d_ino;
/* inode number */
-
off_t d_off;
/* offset to the next dirent */
-
unsigned short d_reclen;
/* length of this record */
-
unsigned char d_type;
/* type of file; not supportedby
all file system types */
-
char d_name[256]; /* filename */
-
};
d_ino是目录中的文件的i-node节点号,通过d_ino可以找到该文件的i-node节点,而i-node节点中保存了文件的属性等信息。通过i-node节点就可以访问到文件的内容。
关于目录访问的一些函数:(/usr/include/dirent.h)
-
#include <sys/types.h>
-
#include <dirent.h>
-
-
DIR *opendir(const char *name);
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DIR *fdopendir(int fd);
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struct dirent *readdir(DIR *dirp);
-
int readdir_r(DIR *dirp, struct
dirent *entry, struct dirent **result);
-
int closedir(DIR *dirp);
-
void rewinddir(DIR *dirp);
关于目录中文件的属性等信息使用struct
stat结构体来描述的,其结构的定义如下: (/usr/include/bits/stat.h)
-
struct stat
-
{
-
__dev_t st_dev; /* Device. */
-
-
unsigned short int __pad1; /* 用于填充对齐 */
-
-
__ino_t st_ino; /* 32bit
file serial number. */
-
__mode_t st_mode; /* File
mode. */
-
__nlink_t st_nlink; /* Link count. */
-
-
__uid_t st_uid; /* User
ID of the file's owner. */
-
__gid_t st_gid; /* Group
ID of the file's group.*/
-
__dev_t st_rdev; /* Device
number, if device. */
-
-
unsigned short int __pad2; /* 用于填充对齐 */
-
-
__off_t st_size; /* Size
of file, in bytes. */
-
__blksize_t st_blksize; /* Optimal
block size for I/O. */
-
__blkcnt_t st_blocks; /* Number
512-byte blocks allocated. */
-
-
struct timespec st_atim; /* Time of
last access. */
-
struct timespec st_mtim; /* Time of
last modification. */
-
struct timespec st_ctim; /* Time of
last status change. */
-
-
# define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec /* Backward
compatibility. */
-
# define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec
-
# define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec
-
-
__ino64_t st_ino; /* File
serial number. */
-
};
该结构体提供了关于文件(或者设备)的如下重要信息:
st_mode 文件类型和许可权限
st_nlink 文件链接数
st_uid 文件属主id
st_gid 文件属主所在组的id
st_size 文件的字节数
st_blocks 文件所占的块数
“
ACM”三个时间:
st_atime 文件最后访问时间 (
access time)
st_mtime 文件最后修改时间 (
modification time)
st_ctime 文件属性/状态最后改变的时间 (
change status time)
另外在/usr/include/sys/stat.h中提供了下列关于文件信息的宏定义:
-
typedef __dev_t dev_t;
-
typedef __gid_t gid_t;
-
typedef __ino_t ino_t;
-
typedef __mode_t mode_t;
-
typedef __nlink_t nlink_t;
-
typedef __off_t off_t;
-
typedef __uid_t uid_t;
-
typedef __blkcnt_t blkcnt_t;
-
typedef __blksize_t blksize_t;
-
-
/* Test macros for file
types. */
-
-
#define __S_ISTYPE(mode, mask) (((mode) & __S_IFMT) == (mask))
-
-
#define S_ISDIR(mode) __S_ISTYPE((mode), __S_IFDIR)
// directory 目录文件类型
-
#define S_ISCHR(mode) __S_ISTYPE((mode), __S_IFCHR)
// char 字文件类型
-
#define S_ISBLK(mode) __S_ISTYPE((mode), __S_IFBLK)
// block 块文件类型
-
#define S_ISREG(mode) __S_ISTYPE((mode), __S_IFREG)
// regular 普通文件类型
-
#define S_ISFIFO(mode) __S_ISTYPE((mode), __S_IFIFO)
// FIFO 管道文件类型
-
#define S_ISLNK(mode) __S_ISTYPE((mode), __S_IFLNK)
// link 链接文件类型
-
#define S_ISSOCK(mode) __S_ISTYPE((mode), __S_IFSOCK) // sock
网络套接字文件类型
-
-
/* Protection bits. */
-
-
#define S_ISUID __S_ISUID /* Set user
ID on execution. */
-
#define S_ISGID __S_ISGID /* Set group
ID on execution. */
-
-
#define S_IRUSR __S_IREAD /* Read by owner. */
-
#define S_IWUSR __S_IWRITE /* Write by owner. */
-
#define S_IXUSR __S_IEXEC /* Execute by owner. */
-
/* Read, write, and execute
by owner. */
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#define S_IRWXU (__S_IREAD|__S_IWRITE|__S_IEXEC)
-
-
#define S_IRGRP (S_IRUSR >> 3) /* Read
by group. */
-
#define S_IWGRP (S_IWUSR >> 3) /* Write
by group. */
-
#define S_IXGRP (S_IXUSR >> 3) /* Execute
by group. */
-
/* Read, write, and execute
by group. */
-
#define S_IRWXG (S_IRWXU >> 3)
-
-
#define S_IROTH (S_IRGRP >> 3) /* Read
by others. */
-
#define S_IWOTH (S_IWGRP >> 3) /* Write
by others. */
-
#define S_IXOTH (S_IXGRP >> 3) /* Execute
by others. */
-
/* Read, write, and execute
by others. */
-
#define S_IRWXO (S_IRWXG >> 3)
-
-
# define S_BLKSIZE 512 /* Block size for `st_blocks'. */
在上一篇博文
http://blog.chinaunix.net/space.php?uid=25909722&do=blog&id=2856481中,我们学习了实现ls命令要涉及到的相关的结构体和函数。有了前面的基础,本文我们实实在在的实现ls命令:
-
#include <stdio.h>
-
#include <sys/types.h>
-
#include <dirent.h>
-
#include <sys/stat.h>
-
#include <string.h>
-
#include <time.h>
-
#include <pwd.h>
-
#include <grp.h>
-
-
void do_ls(char[]);
-
void do_stat(char*);
-
void show_file_info(char*, struct
stat*);
-
void mode_str(int, char[]);
-
char *uid_str(uid_t);
-
char *gid_str(gid_t);
-
-
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
-
{
-
if(argc == 1)
-
do_ls(".");
-
else
-
while(--argc){
-
printf("%s:
", *++argv);
-
do_ls(*argv);
-
}
-
-
return 0;
-
}
-
-
void do_ls(char dirname[])
-
{
-
DIR *dir_ptr; /* the
directory */
-
struct dirent *direntp; /* each entry */
-
char full_path[256];
-
-
if((dir_ptr = opendir(dirname)) == NULL){
-
fprintf(stderr, "ls2:
cannot open %s
", dirname);
-
}else{
-
while((direntp = readdir(dir_ptr)) != NULL){
-
strcpy(full_path, dirname);
-
int dir_len = strlen(dirname);
-
if(dirname[dir_len - 1] != '/'){
/* 处理目录字符串最后没有‘/’的情况 */
-
full_path[dir_len] = '/';
-
strcpy(full_path + dir_len + 1, direntp->d_name);
-
}else
-
strcpy(full_path + dir_len, direntp->d_name);
-
-
do_stat(full_path);
-
}
-
closedir(dir_ptr);
-
}
-
}
-
void do_stat(char *filename) /* 获得目录中文件的相关信息 */
-
{
-
struct stat info;
-
-
/* 如果filename最后没有‘/’的话,stat调用失败 */
-
if(stat(filename, &info) == -1){ /* cannot
stat */
-
perror("stat"); /* say
why */
-
printf("filename:%s
", filename);
-
}else{
-
char *pname = strrchr(filename, '/');
-
show_file_info(pname + 1, &info);
-
}
-
}
-
-
void show_file_info(char *filename, struct
stat *info_p) /* 打印文件的相关信息 */
-
{
-
char modestr[11];
-
-
mode_str(info_p->st_mode, modestr);
-
-
printf("%s", modestr);
-
printf("%3d ", (int)info_p->st_nlink);
-
printf("%-8s", uid_str(info_p->st_uid));
-
printf("%-8s", gid_str(info_p-