Microprocessor(μP，mp)

• Central Dvice of a multi chip Micro Computer System
• Two basic architectures:
  • ”von Neumann”-Architecture
    
    • Shared memory space between code and data
    • Shared memory busses between code and data
    • Example:Intel’s x86 Pentiun Processor family
  • “Harvard”-Architecture:
    
    • Two independent memory spaces for code and data
    • Two memory bus systems for code and data
• A μP needs additional external devices to operate properly

Microprocessor block diagram

Microprocesser exectution flow

CPU of a microprocessor

CPU=Central Processing Unit

• Consists of:
  
  • few internal memory cells (“Register“）for operands
  • calculation unit:”Arithmetic Logic Unit”(ALU)
  • instruction register(IR) and instruction decoder
  • address unit

Address unit:

- read data and instruction from memory - write data into memory

Instruction:

- analyses current instruction and controls subsequent actions of other modules

Register:

- store data for instantaneous instruction and computation Note:today’s microprocessors have a much finer granularity and sometimes parallel units.However,the basics are still the very same.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit of a microprocessor)

calculates arithmetical and / or logical function:

• At least:
  - arithmetical: Addition(ADD)
  - logical: Negation(NEG) Conjunction(AND)
• Typical:
  - arithmetical: Subtraction(SUB) Multiplication(MUL)
  - logical: Comparison(CMP) Disjunction(OR) Antivalence(EXOR)
  - miscellaneous: Right-and Left Shift(ASR,ASL)                
   Rotation(ROL,ROR)   Register-Bit-anipulation(set,clear,toggle,test)
• a ALU is able to process two binary values with equal length(N)->N-Bit ALU with N=4,8,16,32 or 64
• most ALU’s process Fixed Point Numbers
• a few ALU’s,used especially in Digital Signal Processors and desktop processors,are capable to operate on Floating Point Numbers or on both formats.
     

Our Desktop - PC

Microcomputer

• Micro Computer = microprocessor(μP) + memory + peripherals
• Example: your Desktop-PC
  
• Peripherals Include:
  • Digital Input / Output Lines
  • Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)
  • Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC)
  • Timer / Counter units
  • Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Digital Output Lines
  • Digital Capture Input Lines
  • Network Interface Units:
    
    • Serial Communication Interface (SCI) -UART
    • Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
    • Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) - Bus
    • Controller Area Network (CAN)
    • Local Interconnect Network (LIN)
    • Universal Serial Bus (USB)
    • Local / Wide Area Networks (LAN,WAN)
  • Graphical Output Devices
  • and more …

System on Chip

Microcontroller(μC,MCU)

• Nothing more than a Microcomputer as a single silicon chip!
• All computing power and input/output channels that are required to design a real time control system are “on chip”!
• Guarantee cost efficient and powerful solution for embedded control applications
• Backbone for almost every type of modern product
• Over 200 independent families of μC
• Both μP - Architectures(“Von Neumann” and “Harvard”) are used inside Microcontrollers

Digital Signal Processor

A Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is:

• Similar to a micro processor (μP), e.g. core of a computing system
• Additional Hardware Units to speed up computing of sophisticated mathematical operations:
  • Additional Hardware Multiply Unit(s)
  • Additional Pointer Arithmetic Unit(s)
  • Additional Bus Systems for parallel access
  • Additional Hardware Shifter for scaling and / or multiply / divide by 2n

What are typical DSP algorithms?

An equation,called”Sum of Products”(SOP) is the key element in most DSP algorithms: